Letters to Timothy & Titus

Building Spiritual Leaders

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Last revision: 7 July 2003

Go to Lesson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

^Outline

1	Titus 1:1-9	A Foundation for Leadership
2	Titus 1:5-16	Choose Dependable Leaders
3	Titus 2:1-14	The Power of Example
4	Titus 2:15-3:11	The Power of Followership	Maxim #1 (Titus 3:5-7)
	Titus 3:12-15	The Power of Caring

5	1 Tim 1:1-20	The Essence of Leadership	Maxim #2 (1 Tim 1:15)
6	1 Tim 2:1-15	Spiritual Followership
7	1 Tim 3:1-16	Spiritual Leadership	Maxim #3 (1 Tim 3:1)
8	1 Tim 4:1-16	We Are All Examples	Maxim #4 (1 Tim 4:8-9)
9	1 Tim 5:1-25	We Are All Responsible (Part 1)
10	1 Tim 6:1-21	We Are All Responsible (Part 2)

11	2 Tim 1:1-18	The Needs of a Leader
12	2 Tim 2:1-26	The Work of a Leader	Maxim #5 (2 Tim 2:11-13)
13	2 Tim 3:1-17	The Integrity of a Leader
14	2 Tim 4:1-22	The Charge to Leaders

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Titus 1:1-4

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^Lesson¹

Introduction

Acts 20:17-38

Ñ The timeframe for these letters has been a subject of much debate. Titus and 1 Timothy were written during a mission journey, and the most likely choices for the date are the following: [1]

a) Around the time that Paul visited Ephesus and was driven away by the excitement caused by Demetrius (Acts 20:1) – about 58-59 A.D. This view assumes that Paul correctly knew that he would never see Ephesus again (Acts 20:25) and was martyred around A.D. 62-64.

b) After his imprisonment at Rome (following all of the events described in Acts)
– about A.D. 64-65, during a later missionary journey. This view assumes that Paul was imprisoned twice and was martyred around A.D. 67. This is the most likely view and the one to be assumed here.

Ñ According to the historian Eusebius, Paul was released from house-arrest in Rome (described at the end of Acts) after two years (around A.D. 62-63) and “again journeyed on the ministry of preaching.”[2] Among the places Paul visited were Crete, where he left Titus, and Ephesus, where he left Timothy. He may well have gone on to Colossae to see Philemon, as he had planned,

and he certainly reached Macedonia. Sometime during this period Paul may have even traveled as far west as Spain.[3]

Ñ It was from Macedonia (sometime during A.D. 62-66) that he wrote to Titus and to Timothy. Paul instructed Titus to establish solid leadership in the churches in Crete. He wrote to Timothy to help him meet the problems being faced in the church, and he wanted to encourage the young minister’s growth and leadership.[4]

Ñ Paul told Titus that he planned to winter in Nicopolis (a town on the west coast of Greece). Presumably he did this, and also revisited Timothy in Ephesus. Then he probably visited nearby Miletus, where he left Trophimus behind ill, and then traveled on to Troas and stayed with Carpus, with whom he left his cloak and some books. Then he went to Corinth, where Erastus remained when Paul left for Rome. It may have been somewhere between Troas and Corinth that Paul was again arrested, but in any case he traveled on to Rome and was placed in prison.[5]

Ñ Several years elapsed between Paul’s first imprisonment (Acts 28), and his martyrdom, which was no later than A.D. 68 (the last year of Nero's reign).[6] Rome burned in A.D. 64 and many Christians were arrested and blamed for it. Nero traveled through Greece during A.D. 66-68 and Paul may have been arrested at that time and sent to a Roman prison. Nero himself was not in Rome at this time, and his bloodthirsty delegates (Helius and Tigellinus) may have been responsible for Paul’s martyrdom.[7] Shortly before he died, Paul wrote his second letter to Timothy. Paul’s intent was to equip his close companion for the journey ahead after Paul was gone.

Titus

A Foundation for Leadership

	Ñ Paul is writing this letter to one of his closest companions (the same is true for Timothy). He wants Titus (and Timothy) to understand how to be effective among the churches. The instruction he provides them would make an excellent graduate class in leadership – not “Leadership 101,” because that would only be the basic management theories that the world has defined. This is at least “Leadership 201,” because Paul helps his readers understand much more than goal-setting and delegation. In these letters Paul reveals the heart of a leader.
Titus 1:1-4	s Why had Paul become God’s servant? - For the faith of the people God had chosen - For the knowledge of the truth that leads to godliness - In hope of eternal life, promised by God, upon which both faith & knowledge rest - It was God’s appointed time to entrust the message to Paul s What had been entrusted to Paul? s What is Paul’s relationship with Titus? s What does it mean to be someone’s “son in a common faith”? Is there more to such a relationship than leading a person to conversion?
	s Who are your spiritual “children”? s Who are your spiritual “parents”? Ñ Paul introduces us here to the first fundamental truth about leadership. Every Christian is both a “child” and a “parent” – both a follower and a leader – both a Timothy and a Paul.
Titus 1:5-9	s What was the assignment that Paul gave Titus? - In this letter Paul instructs Titus to appoint (recognize, set up) elders - Titus is in Crete, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea
	s What is an “elder” (v.5)? - “Elders” simply means “older” or “experienced leaders.”[8] - Cultural anthropologists tell us that almost every society has had “elders” of some kind. Whether they be tribal chieftains, village headmen, clan leaders, or family patriarchs – most every social unit across history and around the globe has clearly recognized adult role models or “wisdom figures.”[9] s What is an “overseer” or “bishop” (v.7)?
	- “Guides,” “caretakers,” “leaders,” or “those who watch on behalf of”[10] - A form of this same word is also used in James 1:27. s What two denominations have names that correspond to the Greek words? How is it significant to them? - Presbyterian - Episcopal Ñ In Acts20 and 1 Pet.5:1-4, a metaphorical term is added to these: “shepherd” (poimaenoi). The English term “pastor” is a translation of this same word. s What are the main roles of elders (bishops)?
	Ñ Read Acts 14:5-7, 21-23 and discuss how much time Paul allowed in this new congregation before appointing elders. Do you think that Paul appointed men who were already spiritual leaders or that some men grew into spiritual leaders this quickly?

ÿ We are all leaders, and we are all followers.

^Lesson²

Choose Dependable Leaders

Titus 1:5-9

Godly Leaders Love What Is Good

s What kind of person should an elder be?

s The basic descriptions are given in v.6. What is the significance of each?

- Above reproach (v.6)

- Husband of one wife (v.6)

- Having faithful children (v.6) – literally trustworthy or trusting, not necessarily specifying faithfulness to Christ

- Children are not accused of dissipation (wildness) or rebellion (disobedience) (v.6)

( “Paul believes a man’s ability to build and maintain healthy relationships in his home provides evidence that he can do so in a church.” [11]
– Lynn Anderson

s Paul goes on to explain why these characteristics are necessary and some further details about what he meant. Discuss what each of the following mean and why it’s important:

- God’s steward (manager) (v.7)

- Not self-willed (not over-bearing) (v.7)

- Not quick-tempered (v.7)

- Not addicted to wine (v.7)

- Not pugnacious (violent) (v.7)

- Not pursuing dishonest income (v.7)

- Hospitable (v.8)

- Loving what is good (v.8)

- Sensible (self-controlled) (v.8)

- Just (upright, righteous, virtuous) (v.8)

- Devout (holy, pure, free from wickedness) (v.8)

- Self-controlled (disciplined, exercising restraint) (v.8)

- Holds firmly to sound teaching (v.8)

- Able to exhort and refute (v.8)

s How should this list be used to identify elders? How has it been used?

Ñ Paul would likely be shocked to see his material used as a checklist. Rather, it was a common literary style to present a general character sketch.[12] Two examples are Diogenes Laertius’ description of the stoic’s concept of a good man (7:116-126) and Onosander’s summary of the character of an ideal commander: [13]

Diogenes Laertius: Good Stoic Onosander: Ideal Commander

– Married – Prudent

– Without pride – Self-controlled

– Temperate – Sober

– Combine prudence of mind – Frugal
with excellence of behavior – Enduring in toil

– Intelligent

– Without love of money

– Neither young nor old

– Father of a family (if possible)

– Able to speak competently

– Good reputation

Ñ When Paul used this literary form, he did not intend to provide a complete and absolute list of qualifications. He simply gave a broad yet instructive sketch of their expected character. This is why the list in 1 Tim.3 is not identical to the list in Titus 1. If Paul’s intention had been to create a checklist, then surely he would have made them the same.

Comparison of Attributes

Titus 1 1 Timothy 3

Above reproach (v.6) Above reproach (v.2)

Husband of one wife (v.6) Husband of one wife (v.2)

Having faithful children (v.6) Manages family well (v.4)

Children not wild or rebellious (v.6) Children obey with respect (v.4)

God’s steward (v.7)

Not self-willed (v.7) Temperate (v.2)

Not quick-tempered (v.7) Not quarrelsome (v.3)

Not addicted to wine (v.7) Not given to much wine (v.3)

Not violent (v.7) Not violent, but gentle (v.3)

Not pursuing dishonest income (v.7) Not a lover of money (v.3)

Hospitable (v.8) Hospitable (v.2)

Loving what is good (v.8)

Sensible (self-controlled) (v.8) Self-controlled (sound mind) (v.2)

Just (upright, righteous, virtuous) (v.8)

Devout (holy, pure) (v.8)

Self-controlled (disciplined) (v.8)

Holds firmly to sound teaching (v.8)

Able to exhort and refute (v.8) Able to teach (v.2)

Respectable (modest) (v.2)

Not a recent convert (v.6)

Good reputation with outsiders (v.7)

Ñ Notice also that there is no mention of spiritual gifts in this passage (cf. Rom.12:6-8; 1 Cor.12:7-11; Eph.4:11; 1 Pet.4:10-11). These characteristics describe spiritual maturity and do not “suddenly appear” in anyone. It takes time to become like Jesus, and our stage in the process is discernable by ourselves and by those who associate with us.[14]

Titus 1:10-16

Deceitful Leaders Love What Is Corrupt

s Why do the elders in Crete need to be able to be rooted in sound doctrine?

Ñ Paul explains that negative behaviors (the opposite of those in v.6-9) abound in society, and Titus must be careful to avoid relying upon such people as spiritual leaders.

“We taught him to steal, and the first thing he did was to try it on us.” [15]
– Arabian Proverb

s What can you gather from this passage about the message of these false teachers?

- Included circumcision

- Involved Jewish myths

- Claimed to know God, but didn’t walk the talk

- Upset families

- Swindled people (dishonest gain)

( “The moment I do anything in order to appear better or stronger than I really am – no matter how small it may seem – I have begun a deadly deception, and I set myself up for bigger and more horrendous things to come.” [16] – Lynn Anderson

s Are there people today who use religion in order to deceive people for their own gain?

Ñ Paul claims that these deceivers need to be “silenced.” The word he uses in Greek means to “bridle” or “muzzle.”[17]

s Isn’t Paul impinging upon the rights of these “talkers”?
When is it appropriate to make people be quiet and censor their teachings?

s How is a person “reproved”?
What are some things that happen when people are reproved today?

Ñ The “prophet of their own” was probably Epimenides, a poet who was born in Crete at Cnossos. Epimenides wrote this saying in a hexameter line and Callimachus quoted it in a Hymn to Zeus. Epimenides is thought by some to be the one who suggested to the Athenians the erection of statues to “unknown gods” (Acts 17:23).[18]
But if a Cretan says that all Cretans are liars, is he telling the truth? J

s What do you think Paul meant in v.15?
How does his statement relate to the negative behaviors he has just described?

- Even when engaged in godly activities, these teachers can’t achieve godly results.

s How can a Christian live in the midst of the kinds of deceit that Paul describes and not be tainted by it?

Ñ Notice that Paul provides two lists of qualities in this chapter: one for godly leaders and one for deceitful leaders. His primary point appears to be this contrast rather than establishing a detailed set of criteria.

ÿ Spiritual leadership begins at home

ÿ Spiritual leaders live in the midst of deceit without being tainted by it.

^Lesson³

The Power of Example

Titus 2:1-10

The Source of Power for Others

s What are the groups of people that Paul wants Titus to teach properly?

- Older men temperate, respectable, self-controlled, faithful, loving, enduring

- Older women reverent, not slanderers, not addicted to wine, teaching others

- Young men self-controlled

- Slaves obedient, trustworthy, good example

s Is there a difference between the “elders” in 2:2-3 and the “elders” in 1:5?
Why?

Ñ The same Greek word is used – in 2:3 it is the feminine presbutis.

s How are the characteristics in 2:2-3 similar to those in chapter 1?

s How would the behavior of these older men and women affect the lives of younger people (v.4-6)?

s How would Titus’ example affect other people (v.7-8)?

( “We teach what we know; we reproduce what we are.” [19]
– Robert Schmidgall

s What sort of behavior does Paul recommend for slaves?
Why do you suppose that he does not encourage them to seek freedom?

( “[Paul] made decision makers out of those who were forbidden to make decisions.” [20] – Richard Foster

s How would the slaves’ example affect others?
What does it mean that they “adorn” the doctrine of God (v.10)?

- They are a visual testament to the character of God

( “Example is not the main thing in influencing others – it is the only thing.” [21] – Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965)

( “Shepherding sheep requires a long-term, costly commitment of self, time, and energy and the building of open, authentic relationships. Shepherding is no easy task. Jesus, the ‘Chief Shepherd,’ exemplified this commitment in his relationship with the Twelve. … for three years, they went everywhere he went. … Jesus changed them by his touch. He taught them, ate with them, and protected them. He talked with them until they began to hear his voice way down in their souls. Eventually, people could tell by being around them that ‘they had been with Jesus.’” [22] – Lynn Anderson

Titus 2:11-14

The Source of Power for Us

s What are some gifts from God for which Paul is grateful?

- God’s grace

- Salvation

- Instruction about how to live

- The blessed hope

- The promise of the appearing of Jesus’ glory

s What are some things that Christ has done in order for us to be able to share God’s character?

- Gave Himself as our Savior

- Redeemed us from every lawless deed

- Purified us as His own to be zealous for good deeds

Ñ Paul makes it clear that people don’t adopt behavior like this just because they innately desire it. It is an expression of gratitude for God’s grace, and it is an empowering by God through His act of redemption.

Ñ Paul has spent this entire chapter emphasizing the power of example. But that example doesn’t happen because we want it. It happens because God wants it and we’re willing to let Him have His way.

ÿ Spiritual leaders are empowered by God.

^Lesson⁴

The Power of Followership

Titus 2:15-3:11

s What are three ways in which Titus is to convey this message (v.15)?
What is the particular meaning or significance of each approach?

- Speak (teach)

- Exhort (encourage)

- Reprove (rebuke)

s At this point in his letter, whom is Paul directing Titus to instruct? Everyone?

s How are we supposed to behave with respect to authority?
How about toward the people in positions of authority? Why?

( “Most of us, rather than being critical of our leaders would be better served by learning to be and do what we expect our leaders to be and do.” [23] – Lynn Anderson

s What are some of the motivations presented by Paul that cause us to want to pursue good behaviors?

- We recognize that the negative behaviors were foolish (v.3).

- We are grateful that God has saved us (v.4-7).

- Believers are expected to perform good deeds (v.8).

- These behaviors are beneficial (v.8-9).

s What is the “trustworthy statement”?

- It’s in v.5-7.

Maxim #1 (Titus 3:5-7)

Credit to whom credit is due

Ø God saved us because He is merciful

Ø God washed us and renewed us because He is generous

Ø God gave us eternal life because He is gracious

s Paul wants Titus to speak confidently about this principle (v.8).
Which aspects of v.5-7 are you most confident in?
Which aspects of v.5-7 are you least confident in?

s Why are debates and genealogies unprofitable (v.9)?

s What does it mean to “reject” someone?
Whom should we “reject”? How?
Compare Romans 16:17-18. Does this help explain Paul’s advice?

The Power of Caring

Titus 3:12-15

s What final instructions does Paul give to Titus?

- Come to Nicopolis. Why?

- Help Zenas and Apollos. Why?

- Help people learn to meet needs. Why?

s Why do you suppose Paul didn’t tell Titus to meet those pressing needs himself?
Do we expect ministers (and other experienced people) to meet pressing needs without “learning” to do it ourselves?
What are some things that happen when pressing needs don’t get met?

- Those in need may suffer.

- Others may recognize the need and begin to help.

Ñ Paul ends this letter with a group of supporters around him, encouraged by their presence.

ÿ Spiritual leaders give credit to God.

^Lesson⁵

1 Timothy

The Essence of Leadership

1 Tim 1:1-2

s What are Paul’s credentials?

s What is Paul’s relationship with Timothy?

s If someone wrote this greeting to you, what would you appreciate about it?

Divisive Leadership

1 Tim 1:3-11

The Problem

s What are some things that Paul says people become obsessed with?

- False doctrines

- Myths

- Genealogies

- Meaningless talk

- Teaching things without understanding them

s How are these pursuits different from the way of faith (v.4)?

s What was Paul’s agenda – what motivated him to confront these behaviors (v.5)?

- Love

( “You must decide whether or not you will design your life after the pattern of Jesus, or design your life around the best thinking the world has to offer.” [24] – C. Gene Wilkes

The Antidote

s What does Paul say that the source of love is (v.5)?

- Pure heart

- Good conscience

- Sincere faith

s How do these contribute to love?

s What happens when people want to teach more than they want to love?

Ñ Love is even more important than doctrine, because the good news is all about love. Without love, the doctrine will always fall short (1 Cor. 13).

s What is the purpose of the law (v.8-11)?

Grateful Leadership

1 Tim 1:12-17	*Counted Among the Faithful* s What had Christ given to Paul (i.e., what is he thankful for)? - Strength - Appointment to service - Mercy - Grace - Faith - Love s Compare Paul’s attitude with the attitude of those who wanted to be teachers. How is Paul different? ( “It seems to me that we often, almost sulkily, reject the good that God offers us because, at the moment, we expected some other good.” [25] – C. S. Lewis Ñ The people described in 1:3-7 are devisive, worldly leaders. Paul, on the other hand, is a grateful leader. And the only agenda of a truly grateful leader is love. s What is the “trustworthy statement” (v.15)?
	Maxim #2 (1 Tim 1:15) Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners
	s Why did Christ come into the world (v.15)? - Christ is the *salvation*. - Therefore, spiritual leaders let Jesus be Savior and Lord s Why did the Lord save Paul (v.16)? s What is the significance of each of these attributes of God (v.17)? - Eternal - Immortal - Invisible - Only (unique)
1 Tim 1:18-20	*Staying Among the Faithful* Ñ This is the beginning of Paul’s instructions to Timothy. s What prophesies might have been made about Timothy? By whom? Why? Are there prophecies like that today? How could the prophecy help Timothy? - Strength for the fight
	s Here is a story about two men who destroyed their faith (Hymenaeus and Alexander). How did it happen? What does it mean to be “handed over to Satan”? How would it teach them to not blaspheme?

ÿ Spiritual leaders lead with love.

ÿ Spiritual leaders let Christ be Lord.

^Lesson⁶

Spiritual Followership

	Ñ Paul has already explained that Christ came into the world to show mercy and to save sinners (1:15) – now Paul states that we should behave similarly.
1 Tim 2:1-4	*Respecting Worldly Leadership* s What are we expected to do for our leaders? - Make requests on their behalf - Pray for them - Intercede for them - Be thankful for them s Why are we supposed to behave in this manner? - So that we can focus on the Lord without unnecessary distraction (v.2) - So that they too might be saved (v.4)
1 Tim 2:5-7	*Respecting Heavenly Leadership* s How does Jesus act as mediator (v.5)? What does it mean that Jesus is a ransom (v.6)? Ñ It is precisely because God wants everyone to be saved that Paul was made an apostle, so that everyone (including Gentiles) could hear the truth.
1 Tim 2:8-15	*The Key Ingredient: Submission* s Why is submission important among Christians? s What are some examples of submissive behavior that Paul recommends? s What attitude should men have (v.8)? There are very few words here directed toward men, but they drive to the heart of our troubles. Paul says that instead of disputing everything we don’t like, we should pray. s What does it mean to have “holy hands” (v.8)? ( Here is an example of what our attitude is usually like: The captain of the ship looked into the dark night and saw faint lights in the distance. Immediately he told his signalman to send a message: "Alter your course 10 degrees south." Promptly a return message was received: "Alter your course 10 degrees north." The captain was angered; his command had been ignored. So he sent a second message: "Alter your course 10 degrees south – I am the captain!" Soon another message was received: "Alter your course 10 degrees north – I am a seaman third class Jones." Immediately the captain sent a third message, knowing the fear it would evoke: "Alter your course 10 degrees south – I am a battleship." Then the reply came: "Alter your course 10 degrees north – I am a lighthouse." In the midst of our dark and foggy times, all sorts of voices are shouting orders into the night, telling us what to do, how to adjust our lives. Out of the darkness, one voice signals something quite opposite to the rest – something almost absurd. But the voice happens to be the Light of the World, and we ignore it at our peril. [26] – Paul Aiello, Jr. s What attitude should women have (v.9-15)? s Why was their manner of dress important (v.9-10)? Is this also the case today? s Why was their manner of learning important (v.11)? Is this also the case today? s What does it mean to “learn in quietness” and to “be silent” (v.11-12)? Is it a matter of speech or spirit – tongue or heart? Ñ The meaning of “having authority” (v.12) is to take command without permission. Just as men are told to not dispute, women are told to not grasp at authority. Notice that v.9 begins, “likewise” (i.e., just like the men). s What qualities should women exhibit? - Faith - Love - Holiness - Propriety s Paul says that with this attitude, women will be saved through childbirth (v.15). Here are some possible interpretations – which is best suited for the context of this passage? - Each woman who bears a child is protected during birth - Women in general are protected during childbirth - Childbirth is a submissive action that contributes to an individual’s salvation - Childbirth is a submissive action that collectively helps womankind to be saved - Childbearing is the means by which our Salvation (Jesus) came into the world
	Ñ In God’s kingdom, submission is a leadership quality; our difficulty with such a concept is the result of our association with the world’s view of leadership. ( “The first question for aspiring spiritual leaders is not, ‘Am I a shepherd?’ but ‘Am I a sheep?’” [27] – Lynn Anderson

ÿ Spiritual leaders first learn to follow.

^Lesson⁷

Spiritual Leadership

1 Tim 3:1-7	*Bishops (Overseers)* s What is the “trustworthy saying” (v.1)?
	Maxim #3 (1 Tim 3:1) If anyone sets his heart on being an overseer, he desires a noble task
	s What is an “overseer” or “bishop” (episkopos)? - “guardian,” “custodian,” or “guide.” Ñ Notice that Paul refers to it as a “task,” not a position. The phrase in v.1 could be accurately translated, “if anyone desires to bishop …” [28]
	s Why is it a “noble task” or “fine work”? s What kind of person should an overseer be? s How is the function of an overseer like that of a “shepherd” (Acts20:28, 1 Peter 5:2)? - Shepherds feed, nourish, and tend the flock (notice how the same word, poimainoo, is used in John 21:16) - Overseers “watch out for” the flock
	s How is this type of leader different from worldly leaders? - Hired hands (John 10) care about their purse more than the flock - Cowboys drive the herd, while shepherds lead [29] - Policemen and judges rely upon the law - Monarchs rely upon position - Political leaders rely upon popular whim and majority opinion - Pop star entertainers (incl. movie sports stars) seldom have guiding principles - Generals and CEOs dispatch policies from behind closed doors ( Lynn Anderson tells a story about a tour guide who explained to his group that shepherds don’t drive sheep. Shortly afterwards the group noticed a man chasing several sheep and hitting them. Disappointed the his group saw such an example, the tour guide sought out the man, only to discover that he was a butcher, not a shepherd. [30]

	s Discuss what each of the following mean and why it’s important: - Above reproach (v.2) - Husband of one wife (v.2) - Temperate (v.2) - Self-controlled (v.2) - Respectable (v.2) - Hospitable (v.2) - Able to teach (v.2) - Not given to much wine (v.3) - Not violent, but gentle (v.3) - Not quarrelsome (v.3) - Not a lover of money (v.3) - Manages family well (v.4-5) - Not a recent convert (v.6) - Good reputation with outsiders (v.7) s Which characteristic of an elder is most important to you? Which do you think is most difficult? s Suppose you face a major decision – marriage, business, career – and you need guidance as you weigh your options. Perhaps a parenting challenge has pushed you beyond desperation or an important relationship isn’t working. Maybe your business is going down the tubes or your marriage is in deep trouble. Or perhaps the doctor has just told you that you have a life-threatening illness, or maybe your faith is on the rocks or some other “biggie” has you in moral straits and sorely in need of safe and wise spiritual counsel. Where will you turn for help? Who are you most likely to turn to when your back hits the wall? What specific names come to mind? Who are the first three people you think of? Why them? It is because they exhibit to you what an elder is. An elder has the experience, character, and vision to guide, comfort, and advise the sheep of his flock.[31] ( The list in Titus 1 is not the same as in this passage. The differences between these lists may reflect differences in the needs of these two congregations (i.e., Crete and Ephesus). Dr. Carroll Osborne, a native of rural Arkansas, observed that “an elder in the Black River bottoms of Arkansas would not likely command much respect unless he owned high-class coon dogs. If a man didn’t have enough sense to know good dogs, how could he possibly have enough sense to lead a church?” [32]
	*Comparison of Attributes* 1 Timothy 3 Titus 1 Above reproach (v.2) Above reproach (v.6) Husband of one wife (v.2) Husband of one wife (v.6) Temperate (v.2) Not self-willed (v.7) Self-controlled (sound mind) (v.2) Sensible (self-controlled) (v.8) Respectable (modest) (v.2) Hospitable (v.2) Hospitable (v.8) Able to teach (v.2) Able to exhort and refute (v.8) Not given to much wine (v.3) Not addicted to wine (v.7) Not violent, but gentle (v.3) Not violent (v.7) Not quarrelsome (v.3) Not quick-tempered (v.7) Not a lover of money (v.3) Not pursuing dishonest income (v.7) Manages family well (v.4) Having faithful children (v.6) Children obey with respect (v.4) Children not wild or rebellious (v.6) Not a recent convert (v.6) Good reputation with outsiders (v.7) God’s steward (v.7) Loving what is good (v.8) Just (upright, righteous, virtuous) (v.8) Devout (holy, pure) (v.8) Self-controlled (disciplined) (v.8) Holds firmly to sound teaching (v.8)
1 Tim 3:8-13	*Deacons* s What is a “deacon”? Is it a task or a position? Then who can be a deacon?
	s Why are characteristics described for both men and women? s Discuss what each of the following mean and why it’s important: Men - Worthy of respect (v.8) - Sincere (v.8) - Not indulging in much wine (v.8) - Not pursuing dishonest gain (v.8) - Hold onto deep truths (v.9) - Clear conscience (v.9) - Successfully tested (v.10) - Husband of one wife (v.12) - Manage family well (v.12) Women - Worthy of respect (v.11) - Not malicious talkers (v.11) - Temperate (v.11) - Trustworthy (v.11) s How do these characteristics make a man a better servant? s How do these characteristics make a woman a better servant?
	Ñ In Romans 16:1, a woman named Phoebe is described using the same word that is used here in v.11. It literally means a “female servant.” There is no indication that these women were the deacon’s wives, but even if they were, they are specifically encouraged to be examples of servanthood. s What are the rewards of being a deacon (v.13)? What is the “standing” and “assurance” that results?
1 Tim 3:14-16	*Godliness For All Servants* s Why was Paul sending these instructions for overseers and deacons? s What is the “household of God” (v.15)? Ñ Although Timothy may be appointing some bishops and deacons (this was the reason for instructions to Titus), the purpose of this summary doesn’t seem to be for “election criteria.” Paul wants the chosen servants to know how they should behave (v.15).
	s Why is the specific behavior of bishops and deacons so important? s What are some terms used here to describe the church (v.15)? - God’s household - Church of the living God - Pillar and foundation of the truth s What can you learn about Jesus from Paul’s anthem in v.16? Ñ Paul is caught up in the wonder that God would reveal His Son to the world through us, His church. And our conduct is the witness that we convey. Do you think your behavior as a Christian doesn’t matter? It may affect whether others commit themselves to the Lord. God determined in His great wisdom to show His power in ordinary people like you and me.

ÿ Spiritual leaders desire the task (rather than the position) of leadership.

^Lesson⁸

We Are All Examples

1 Tim 4:1-5	*Rules* s The Jewish Christians believed they were living in the end of one age and the beginning of the next. Paul was saying that what was happening in Ephesus (1:3-4,19-20) had been foreseen. s What should Christians look out for? - People following other spirits (v.1) - Seared consciences (v.2) - Restrictions on marriage and food (v.3) s Do you observe any of these happening today? s Do Christians impose regulations on food or relationships today? Why? Should we? - What about drinking alcohol? - What about eating blood? - What about marriage restrictions for divorced people? ( “Man is a creature that is led more by patterns than by precepts.” [33] – George Swinnock (D. 1673)
1 Tim 4:6-16	*Practice* s What is the “trustworthy saying”? - NIV suggests it is in v.10, but NASV suggests it is in v.8. - Most commentators (e.g., Peterson, Wuest, Barclay) go with v.8 - That means that v.10 is an amplification of the principle.
	Maxim #4 (1 Tim 4:8-9) Spiritual discipline offers great promise both now and in the future.
	s How does one train for godliness? Does it take as much effort and discipline as physical training? Is it only mental exercise (i.e., Bible study)? s What are the benefits of “godliness training”? - What promise does it have for the present life? - What promise does it have for the life to come? s How could we improve our own training? - Paul uses athletic terms to explain that it is strenuous work. ( “Always do right. This will surprise some people and astonish the rest.” [34] – Mark Twain (1835-1910)

s God is certainly the Savior of those who believe, but Paul says He is also the Savior of everyone else (v.10). What does he mean?

s What are some ways that Paul wants Timothy to set an example (v.11)?
Why might people look down on Timothy?
Can he overcome that attitude by his example?

( “For the watching world, we ourselves serve proof that God is alive. We form the visible shape of what he is like.” [35] – Philip Yancey

s Is Paul describing church worship or daily life?

s How was Timothy given a gift? By whom? (Compare with 2 Tim.1:6)

s Can you speculate what Timothy’s gift might have been?

s What role does Timothy have in saving others (v.16)?
Do we also have this role?

ÿ Spiritual leaders train in godliness
(Barclay says they are “athletes of God” [36])

^Lesson⁹

We Are All Responsible (Part 1)

1 Tim 5:1-16	*Responsible for Honoring Family* s Do you think that this instruction (v.1-2) is for Timothy himself or for all Christians? Why? s How would you say that Paul wants us to treat each other? - As family s What are some ways we should provide for those who are in need? - Caring for parents and grandparents - Prayer - Provide for relatives (esp. immediate family) - Encourage young widows to remarry
	s Which widows should the church provide for (v.9-10)? Do we do this? s Are we better off today with insurance and social security, or have we lost something important?
1 Tim 5:17-20	*Responsible for Honoring Leaders* s Are “elders” the same as “bishops” (3:1)? Ñ “Elders” (presbuteroi) simply means “older” or “leaders.” [37] Ñ Read 5:17 in several Bible versions. Some translations refer to the way that elders “rule,” but this Greek word (proistates) is also used in 1 Tim 3:4,5,12 to describe managing or leading a family. A derivative of this word (prostatis) depicts Phoebe (Romans 16:2) as an aid and guardian. The term expresses compassionate leadership more than authoritative power. ( “When a person needs to ‘assert his authority,’ it usually means he has very little of it.” [38] – Lawrence Anderson Ñ Notice how Lk.22:25-26 contrasts authoritarian leadership with servant leadership. The precise words that the Greeks routinely used for “authority” (exousia) and “power” (timee) are not used in the New Testament to describe elders. There is another Greek word for “leader” (eegoumenois) which carries some meaning of authority, and it is used in general discussion about leaders (Heb.13:17 and 1 Thes.5:12-13). [39] s What are some ways that elders are to be treated? - Monetary support (instead of requiring them to spend their time making a living) - Don’t allow accusations (without witnesses) - Publicly rebuke those who sin. Why? Because they are an example that others follow.
	Ñ In another passage (1 Cor.9:7-14) Paul recommended paying those who preach the gospel, but here he suggests paying elders. s Do we treat elders in this manner? What are our reasons? ( “The elder’s heart and character determine the length of his tenure.” [40] – Lynn Anderson
1 Tim 5:21-25	*Responsible for Doing What is Right* s How might Timothy be tempted to show partiality or favoritism (v.21)? Ñ A decade ago the employee policy manual of a large church in the Southwest required that “Staff ministers of the church shall not form their personal friendships from within the congregation.” [41] Is this what Paul meant by avoiding any accusations of favoritism?
	Ñ Regarding the “laying on of hands” (v.22), Timothy had received this himself when he was given his gift (4:14). This was a special event, not to be administered lightly. Apparently people needed to be prepared for the responsibility, or it might cause them to sin. So in addition to discouraging negative results (i.e., sin), Timothy needed to also be cautious about promoting positive results (i.e., gifts). s What do you think about Paul’s “medical prescription” in v.23? Why might Paul insert this suggestion here? Was Timothy stressed? s What causes some sins to be more obvious than others? s If these actions are “obvious,” why did Timothy need this instruction? s How is our treatment of people swayed by appearances?

ÿ Spiritual leaders behave generously and responsibly toward people.

^Lesson¹¹

2 Timothy

The Needs of a Leader

2 Tim 1:1-11	*Those Who Are Called* s What can you learn about Timothy from this passage? - Close relationship with Paul (“son”) - Sincere faith (v.5) - Faithful mother & grandmother (v.5) - He needed encouragement (v.7) Ñ Again, Paul calls Timothy his “son” (recall 1 Tim.1:2) The closeness of their relationship is indicated by Paul’s emotions (“tears” in v.4). s Describe Timothy’s heritage of faith. It is possible that Timothy’s grandmother could have seen Jesus and followed Him. s How had Timothy received his gift (v.6)? Do you think this was the same gift that was mentioned in 1 Tim.4:14? What does it mean that the gift needed to be “fanned into flame”? s What’s wrong with being timid or fearful? (see Mark 4:40-41; Rev.21:8) How can it be overcome? - By “joining in” (v.8) s Describe the nature of the spirit that we have been given in Christ (v.7). - Power - Love - Discipline What is the role of our spirit in these? - Our spirit is like this because we’ve been given God’s Spirit s What might Timothy become ashamed of (v.8)? Wouldn’t it be better for a minister like Timothy to keep himself above shame and reproach (i.e., follow our modern expectations)? s What is the “calling” that Paul mentions in v.9? Do we all have a holy calling (i.e., does God have a purpose for everyone)?
	Ñ Notice that this calling is not according to our works; i.e., it is not based on things we do – but rather it is determined by God’s purpose and grace. s What are some examples of callings that are associated with grace rather than a work? Hint: such a calling would consist of something to be rather than only something to do. s What do you think your calling is?
2 Tim 1:12-14	*The Effect of the Calling* s Do you recognize the words in v.12? - Daniel Webster Whittle (aka “El Nathan”) used this verse when he composed “I Know Whom I Have Believed” in 1883. s What are some reasons why Paul chose to endure suffering? - God saved him and called him - God revealed His purpose and grace to Paul - Appointed preacher, apostle, teacher - Paul knew Whom he believed in and trusted Him Ñ Notice the mutual trust between God and His people expressed in v.12,14. Paul entrusted his security to God, and God entrusts the Holy Spirit to us. Each gives up something to the other. s How can we make sure that the “sound words” we follow are based on both faith and love (v.13)? Ñ There is a delicate balance described in v.13. It is a balance that every Christian (and every church) must consider – the balance between standards and relationship (or faith and love). One side focuses on the what we believe to be truth. The other side reveals the essence of our relationship with God: the intimacy that binds us close to Him. They exist in a paradox that is similar to the tension created by God’s holiness (truth) coexisting with God’s compassion (love). Every Christian and every church weighs in somewhere on this balance. s Are you more inclined to respond to what we believe or to loving relationships? What is the appropriate balance between the possible extremes? Where are we as a congregation?
2 Tim 1:15-18	*Some Rejected the Calling* s What are some things that cause the trust between people and God to be broken? s Can you conjecture what might have happened to Onesiphorus? - Rejected Paul? (he had been in Rome) - Martyred? (the petition is for his household) Notice at the end of the book (4:19) that Paul greets the household of Onesiphorus, but not the man himself.

ÿ Spiritual leaders have a purpose.

^Lesson¹²

The Work of a Leader

2 Tim 2:1-13

God Gives Victory to Those Who Endure

s What are some of the suggestions to Timothy that might have helped Phygelus and Hermogenes (1:15)?

s What does it mean to be “strong in grace” (v.1)?

Ñ In 1:13-14 we read that Timothy had a precious treasure entrusted to him that he should guard with the help of the Holy Spirit. That treasure consisted of “sound words” in a balance of love and faith. Now notice what Timothy is supposed to do with this treasure (v.2). He could have chosen to make himself “indispensable,” but Paul wanted him to equip others. He was told to entrust it to others who will also teach it.

( “A leader who develops people, adds. A leader who develops leaders, multiplies.” – John Maxwell

s Why did Paul want Timothy to “suffer hardship” with him (v.3)?

s What are the professions that Paul uses as examples here (v.4-6)?
Why does he pick these? How is each a model for our behavior?

- Soldier (focuses on the objective)

- Athlete (conforms to the rules)

- Farmer (works hard)

s How were David and Jesus like these three examples?

Ñ Paul’s exhortation to remember Jesus (2:8) is similar to his statement (1:12) that he trusted Jesus.

s How does Paul’s suffering help others obtain salvation (2:9-10)?

Maxim #5 (2 Tim 2:11-13)

The New (Old) Rules

Ø Those who give all, gain all

Ø Those who finish, win

Ø Those who give up, lose

Ø God never gives up (ergo, God wins!)

s What would a game with these rules be like?

s How would Paul’s “maxim” help someone who feels they have no one way out of their situation?

2 Tim 2:14-26

God Gives Victory to Those Who Surrender

s How many ways does Paul describe useless talk?

- (v.14) Wrangling about words

- (v.16) Worldly and empty talk

- (v.17-18) Destructive talk
(Note: gangrene or cancer is a progressive disease that
must be treated as quickly as possible)

- (v.23) Speculation

- (v.24) Quarreling

s What are the prescriptions that Paul offers?

- (v.15) Present yourself to God (not to men).
There is no shame or competition with God.

- (v.15) Keep a straight course (handle the word of truth accurately).
This again emphasizes the importance of balance – the wise path amid the available extremes.

- (v.16-18) Don’t just talk about it – you might misuse what you know.
The statement in v.18 is not entirely false, but it wasn’t constructive.

- (v.19) Stay connected to the foundation.
Compare Isa.28:9-22, which also compares the firm foundation with people’s empty talk.
Have you ever seen a plaque or a seal placed on a foundation or cornerstone? Why was it there? How do the plaques on our foundation help us?

- (v.20-21) Become a better vessel.
How? – through cleansing, not adornment.
Compare Rom.9:21-24; here Paul says we can improve.

- (v.22) Stop running after yourself (“lusting”) and run with others toward a worthwhile goal.

- (v.23-26) Be kind, not quarrelsome.
Be a teacher, not a spectator.
Be patient and gentle, because only God grants the changes that lead to the knowledge of truth.
Paul points out that people are trapped by the devil, and the bait is the opportunity to win an argument rather than patiently serving God.
In a nation that has so many lawyers and judges, do you think we are susceptible to this trap?

ÿ Spiritual leaders let God win (and wait for the celebration).

^Lesson¹³

The Integrity of a Leader

2 Tim 3:1-9

Powerless Religion

s What do you think Paul means by “the last days”?

s Paul says that these are religious people (v.5), although they deny the power of godliness.
What does it mean to have a “form of godliness”?
Of what use is religion that offers no power?
Is it possible to “go to church” and behave like this the rest of the time?
Do people like this see themselves in this way?
Have you ever been drawn into one of these traps while thinking you were safe or justified in your behavior?

( “Sometimes pastors become pastures. The sheep feed on them and trample them, but do not follow them.” [42] – Mark Absher

Ñ Paul describes one aspect of what we call “post-modernism” in v.7. We place a lot of emphasis on education and knowledge, but if people can’t recognize truth it doesn’t help much. Leaders have a responsibility to do more than educate – people need to be connected to truth.

Ñ This is the only Bible passage where Jannes and Jambres are mentioned by name. They were the names traditionally given to some of the magicians of Egypt. Read Exodus 7:10-13.

s How does the behavior of Jannes and Jambres provide an example for what Paul is teaching?

- They oppose truth

- They are rejected

- They will be found out

2 Tim 3:10-17

Powerful Spirituality

s In what ways had Timothy imitated Paul?
Is it possible that this list represents a progression of character growth?

- Teachings The starting point, but how many of us stop here?

- Conduct Behavior that reflects our learning

- Purpose A goal to direct our conduct

- Faith Realization that God provides true purpose

- Patience Willingness to wait on God

- Love Building relationships with God’s vision

- Perseverance Committing to those relationships and God’s purposes

- Sufferings Enduring whatever is necessary to stay the course

Ñ Paul describes an inevitable conflict that is the result of this progress:

- False leaders progress to greater evils.

- Godly leaders progress to greater righteousness.

s How can Christians have both peace and suffering?

s What are the “sacred writings” that Paul refers to in v.15?
What is their role in salvation?

- To give wisdom that leads to salvation.

- Useful for teaching, reproof, correction, & training. Why? – to equip people.

Summary

Ñ False leaders choose a form of religion to suit their own purposes.
As a true leader, you have been equipped for good works. Therefore,

- Remember what you were taught

- Remember who taught it to you

- Remember where it came from

ÿ Spiritual leaders would rather be genuine than religious. A “form of godliness” is not enough.

^Lesson¹⁴

The Charge to Leaders

2 Tim 4:1-5

The Integrity

Ñ In this chapter, Paul retraces his steps.

Ñ Paul is serious about this charge, using legal terminology and calling upon the Father and the Son as witnesses. Notice that Paul considers Jesus as the Judge. Is this how we usually think of Jesus?

Ñ Compare this admonition with 3:16 (and also with Titus 2:15):

Timothy’s Charge (4:2) Use of Scripture (3:16) Titus 2:15

Preach (keerussoo) Teaching (didaskalia) Teach (laleoo)

‚ Reprove (elengchoo) ‚ Reproof (elegmos) ‚ Reprove (elengchoo)

ƒ Rebuke (epitimaoo) ƒ Correction (epanorthoosis)

„ Exhort (parakaleoo) „ Training (paideia) „ Exhort (parakaleoo)

keerusso = “herald, proclaim”

didaskalia = “teaching, instruction”

laleoo = “speak, utter, tell, use the voice”

elengchoo = “convict, correct”

elegmos = “correction, censure”

epitimaoo = “chide, censure” but also “to honor”

epanorthoosis = “correction, improvement, restoration to a right state”

parakaleoo = “strengthen, encourage, to call to one’s side”

paideia = “complete education, training, esp. regarding virtue”

s What do you think Paul meant by being “ready in season and out of season”? When is preaching “out of season” (v.2)?

s What are some examples that you have seen of people following someone who tells them what they want to hear (v.3-4)?

s Explain what Paul wants Timothy to do (v.5).

- Be sober Take it seriously

- Endure hardship See it through

- Work of an evangelist What is this?

- Fulfill your ministry Did Timothy have a purpose?

s How could we apply these four commands to ourselves?

2 Tim 4:6-8

The Work

s How does Paul view his own ministry?

s How does Paul relate his own work to the three professional analogies he mentioned in 2:4-6?

- Soldier (focuses on the objective)

- Athlete (conforms to the rules)

- Farmer (works hard)

s What do you think Paul meant by “loving Jesus’ appearing” (v.1,8)?

2 Tim 4:9-22

The Needs

Ñ Paul began this letter by talking about his relationship with Timothy, and now he ends it by discussing his relationships more broadly.

s Why have some left (or stayed behind)?

- Loved the world (v.10)

- Sent by Paul (v.10)

- Illness (v.20)

s Who is with Paul?

- Luke

- Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia, & the brethren

- He wants Mark to come be with him (recall that Paul had a disagreement with him earlier – Acts 15:36-41)

s Why did Paul feel alone?

- Perhaps because he had to face his trial alone (v.16-17).
Compare this with Jesus’ trial.

Ñ Paul says (v.17) that he had been delivered out of the lion’s mouth. He may have been figuratively saying that he was spared a death sentence, or he may literally have escaped being sent to the arena. Remember, the emperor at this time was Nero!

s Do you have friends that encourage you?

Ñ We began this series with Paul emphasizing his relationship with Titus and Timothy. Paul wanted them to understand that leadership is much more than goal-setting and delegation – Paul reveals the heart of a leader. And now at the end of this letter (and near the end of his own life), Paul focuses on the relationships that are important. He makes it clear that we all have a role in leadership – we support and encourage each other and together we reflect the risen Christ.

ÿ We all exercise spiritual leadership.

^Review

s What have you learned about leadership from Paul’s letters to Titus and Timothy?

1. We are all leaders, and we are all followers.

2. Spiritual leadership begins at home.
Spiritual leaders live in the midst of deceit without being tainted by it.

3. Spiritual leaders are empowered by God.

4. Spiritual leaders give credit to God.

5. Spiritual leaders lead with love.
Spiritual leaders let Christ be Lord.

6. Spiritual leaders first learn to follow.

7. Spiritual leaders desire the task (rather than the position) of leadership.

8. Spiritual leaders train in godliness.

9. Spiritual leaders behave generously and responsibly toward people.

10. Spiritual leaders discern what is really important.

11. Spiritual leaders have a purpose.

12. Spiritual leaders let God win (and wait for the celebration).

13. Spiritual leaders would rather be genuine than religious.

14. We all exercise spiritual leadership.

s How do these letters help you be a leader?

s How do these letters help you be a follower?
Why does an understanding of leadership help us be better followers?

s What are some potential traps that we should look out for?

s Do you recall the 5 maxims (“trustworthy sayings”) that Paul emphasized?
Why are those principles especially important?

1) Titus 3:5-7

Ø God saved us because He is merciful

Ø God washed us and renewed because He is generous

Ø God gave us eternal life because He is gracious

2) 1 Tim 1:15
Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.

3) 1 Tim 3:1
If anyone sets his heart on being an overseer, he desires a noble task.

4) 1 Tim 4:8-9
Spiritual discipline offers great promise both now and in the future.

5) 2 Tim 2:11-13

Ø Those who give all, gain all

Ø Those who finish, win

Ø Those who give up, lose

Ø God never gives up

^References

[2] Eusebius, Church History, 2.22.2.

[3] John R. W. Stott, The Message of 2 Timothy, “The Bible Speaks Today” Series (Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1973), p.17.

[5] Stott, p.17-18.

[7] Jack Finegan, Handbook of Biblical Chronology (Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998), p. 387, 401.

[8] Lynn Anderson, They Smell Like Sheep (West Monroe LA: Howard Publishing Co., Inc, 1997), p.128,201.

[9] Ibid., p.49.

[10] Ibid., p.129.

[11] Ibid., p.149.

[12] Ibid., p.130-131.

[13] William Barclay, The Dailey Bible Study Series: The Letters to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon (Philadelphia, The Westminster Press, 1975), p.75.

[14] Gene A. Getz, The Measure of a Man (Glendale, CA: Regal Books, 1979), p.17,19.

[15] Edythe Draper, Draper's Book of Quotations for the Christian World (Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1992). Entry 3458.

[16] Anderson, p.115.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Robert Schmidgall, Leadership Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 2.

[20] Jill Briscoe, "Hilarious Hupotasso," Preaching Today, Tape No. 117.

[21] Draper, Entry 3431.

[22] Anderson, p.24.

[23] Ibid., p.184.

[24] Ibid., p.28.

[25] C. S. Lewis, “Letters to Malcolm”, Christianity Today, Vol. 31, no. 13.

[26] Paul Aiello, Jr., Leadership Magazine, Vol. 4, no. 2.

[27] Anderson, p.218.

[28] Ibid., p.189.

[29] Ibid., p.31-36.

[30] Ibid., p.29-30.

[31] Ibid., p.124-125.

[32] Ibid., p.132-133.

[33] Draper, Entry 3442.

[34] Ibid., Entry 3429.

[35] Philip Yancey, Leadership Magazine, Vol. 8, no. 3.

[36] Barclay, “1 Timothy 4:6-10.”

[37] Anderson, p.201.

[38] Ibid., p.208.

[39] Anderson, p.197-201.

[40] Ibid., p.210.

[41] Ibid., p.94.

[42] Ibid., p.186.